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THE
RAILROAD TYCOON II ROBBER BARON SITE
History
All Original Content © 2003 Chrisitan Mueller. Written &
Produced by Chrisitan Mueller
Contributions to this
section are welcome... send them to expressworld@hotmail.com
The
Erie War (1868)
In 1860
Harlem stock had sold as low as eight or nine dollars a
share. In January 1863, when Vanderbilt got full control
of the property, the stock had advanced to 30, and in
July of the same year it had bounded to 92. In August,
when the "corner" was effected, it went to the
remarkable figure of 179.
It was put through a similar operation the succeeding
year, and the stock, which sold in January below 90, was
settled for in the following June at 285. Drew had been
drawn into one of these transactions, and his losses
reached nearly a million.
Vanderbilt's prospects with the Harlem property were
seriously menaced by the competition of the Hudson River
Railroad. He bought up the competing line, and thus
destroyed the competition. He made this purchase when the
stock was at par. He soon manifested his superior power
in management and displayed his skill in the art of
"watering", which he had invented. He had
the stock advanced to 180 in a very short time.
Seeing his great success with these two properties,
through his novel and unique methods of financiering, the
managers of the New York Central, thinking that
discretion was the better part of valor, and the
perceiving that they could not hold out against the
edicts of manifest destiny very long, offered their
property to him almost at his own price, which he very
cordially accepted, approving their good judgement and
keen perception. He obtained full control of New York
Central early in 1867. As soon as this trible
amalgamation was complete he set his insatiable and
avaricious heart upon Erie, and essayed to compass his
designs and effect his purpose of reducing it to
possession through the speculative machinery of Wall
Street.
(....)
His first bold, flank movement was an attempt to "corner"
Drew. He knew how to manipulate the courts almost as well
as the Erie Ring did. Accordingly, he made use of the
services of Frank Work to obtain an injunction from Judge
Barnard, of Tweed Ring notoriety, restraining Drew from
the payment of interest on 3 1/2 million bonds, pending
an investigation of his accounts as treasurer of Erie.
This was followed up in a few days by another application
to the court for the treasurer's removal from office.
These measures were resorted to by Vanderbilt to prevent
the issue of this stock, into which these 3 1/2 million
bonds were convertible, and thus enable him to get a
"corner" in the stock with greater facility. He
thus attempted to make the court instrumental in forcing
Drew into a position where he would be obliged to commit
financial suicide.
The Erie
Ring fights back
The Erie
Ring had managed to get legally around what in reality
was an over-issue of Erie stock and bonds in the
following subtle manner:
There was a statute of New York which authorized any
railroad to create and issue its own stock in exchange
for the stock of any other road under lease to it. The
Ring had obtained the Buffalo, Bradford & Pittsburg
road, which was comparatively worthless, for carrying out
this scheme. The Erie management then set about supplying
themselves with the amount of Erie stock required, by
leasing their own road to the road of which they were
directors. They then created stock and issued it to
themselves in exchange under the authority vested in them
by law.
The nominal price of the road with which they worked this
game of legerdemain was $250,000. They issued bonds in
its name for two million dollars, payable to one of
themselves as trustee.
Vanderbilt, before he could get a "corner" in
Erie, had to place a limit to the issue of the stock.
Otherwise he would have been throwing away millions, like
pouring water into a sieve, in his attempt to make a
"corner".
Drew was enjoined by the Commodore to return to the
Treasury 68,000 shares of the capital stock of Erie. This
was the amount that was said to remain in the unsettled
transactions of the Erie corner of 1866. This was the
sword of Damocles which Vanderbilt had suspended
over Drew's devoted hand.
There were three competitors for possesion of Erie in the
field. The Drew party, the Vanderbilt party, and the
Boston,Hartford and Erie party. (...) Drew and Vanderbilt
entered into a secret alliance to exclude the Boston
party, who was Vanderbilt's ally. The new board was
elected, leaving Drew out. This was a surprise to Wall
Street, but a greater surprise was in store for it when a
vacancy was created the next day, and Drew was re-elected
to the Erie Board of Directors. The Street was confused
and confounded, and at a loss to know how to act, and the
Boston party was groping around to find out where it
stood. Frank Works was elected to the Erie Board in the
Vanderbilt interest. A pool was then formed to put up
Erie, as it was in a very depressed condition. Drew was
to manage the pool and manipulate the market.
The proposed plan for consolidation with the Vanderbilt
interests failed becaue the Erie people said that the
great railroad king would only consent to give them one-third
of the earnings, while they contributed more than half to
the pool. So, when this scheme collapsed, Vanderbilt went
on the speculative war path, and determined to snatch
Erie from the hands of the Ring in the way he had
obtained Hudson. He began his operations about the middle
of February, 1868, and pursued his policy in the courts
for the purpose of limiting the apparently unlimited
supply of Erie stock.
In the leasing process above referred to with the
Buffalo, Bradford & Pittsburgh, the Erie clique added
$140,000 a year to its income.
Mr. Work got an additional injunction to prevent Erie
from issuing stock in addition to the 251,058 shares
which had appeared in the previous report of the road,
and forbidding a guarantee by Erie of the bonds of any
other road, and Drew was further restrained from any
transactions in Erie until he should return the 68,000
shares of capital stock to the treasury.
(....) When Vanderbilt thought he had everything fixed to
force Drew to ruin himself by the return of these shares,
which would enable Vanderbilt to effect his "corner",
he was checkmated by a counter injunction issued in the
interest of the Erie people by Judge Balcom,of
Binghamton, which stayed all proceedings in Barnard's
court.
Richard Schell then applied to Jduge Ingraham and got out
another injunction in the interest of the Vanderbilt
party, staying all proceedings before Judge Balcom. In
the meantime the Erie directors were busy preparing their
new issue of stock, despite the injunctions, in order
that the bulls of the Vanderbilt party might be
generously fed with Erie when the opportunity should
arrive.
A daring
action by James Fisk
The
Executive Committee of Erie resolved to issue bonds for
improvements, extensions and steel rails. The bonds were
convertible into stock at not less than 72 1/2. Five
million of these were manifactured by the Erie paper mill
and printing press, to be exchanged for Vanderbilt's
good, solid cash.
A great difficulty presented itself at this juncture,
which, even to the majority of clever speculators, would
have been insurmountable. The genius of "Jim"
Fisk was called in to cut the Gordian knot. The
certificates of the new Erie shares were in the hands of
the secretary of the company, but he was enjoined from
issuing them. They had been made out on Saturday night.
On Monday the secretary directed a messenger, in the Erie
office in Weststreet, to take the books containing the
certificates to the transfer office in Pine street. The
messenger took the books and walked out. He was hardly a
minute absent when he returned, apparently frightened,
without the books. He stated that Mr. Fisk, who had been
standing at the door, took the books from him and ran
away with them!
The certificates were then where no injunction could
molest them. The next day the convertible bonds were
found upon the secretary's desk. In a day or two
afterwards the certificates appeared in Wall Street. An
order was obtained from Judge Gilbert enjoining all
the previous orders of that legal luminary, Judge Barnard.
Mr. Drew then threw 50,000 shares of Erie stock on the
market. The boldness of the operation threw the
Vanderbilt brokers off their guard, for it never struck
them for a moment that Drew would risk contempt of court,
and use the new issue of Erie in the face of an
injunction, so they eagerly devoured the fresh bait
before they got time to examine the quality of it or
suspect its origin.
Erie had
opened at 80, and advanced to 83. When the facts became
knows the stock broke,and declined to 71; but under heavy
purchases by the Vanderbilt party, soon recovered to 78.
The "corner", however, was broken by the large
blocks which Drew had thrown on the market, and
Vanderbilt was signally defeated, and had a narrow escape
from being completely swamped.
He had to obtain more cash in order to prevent default.
Richard Schell was highly practical and shrewd to obtain
loans on Erie after the banks had absolutely refused to
lend, on account of the over-issue of stock. After this
refusal, he made inquiry at the banks, and found that
most of them had New York Cental stock. He then went to a
bank and said:"If you don't lend the Commodore half
a million on Erie at 50, he will put Central down to 50
tomorrow, and break half the houses on the Street. You
know whether or not you will be among them." The
threat was repeated, and, in almost every instance, had
the desired effect, and the Commodore was supplied with
the sinews of war, but he was only throwing away his
ammunition. The Erie stock from the inexhaustable
fountain of overissue was supplied to him without stint,
and his attempts to "corner" the clique were
absolutely futile.
Fisk was quoted to have said: "If this printing
press don't break down, I'll be damned if I don't give
the old hog all he wants of Erie."
Flight
to Jersey City & settlement with Vanderbilt
The corner
proved a boomerang to Vanderbilt. In his wrath he again
applied to the courts. As the result, the Erie clique
were oblieged to fly and take refuge in Jersey City. Drew
crossed the ferry heavily loaded with a big carpet bag,
which contained $ 7,000,000, which had recently changed
hands from Vanderbilt to himself in the cornering
operation.
Gould and Fisk decamped by different routes. When the
party had taken refuge in "Fort" Taylor (Taylor's
Hotel, NJ), safe from the laws of New York, they
determined that no papers should be served upon them, and
gave strict orders to the host that they would not
receive anything in the shape of letters or nothes.
Communications of all kinds were prohibited except
through persons well known to the clique, and the waiters
at the hotle were strictly enjoined to observe this rule,
on pain of being discharged.(....)
[Vanderbilt, however,succeeded to get a note to Drew with
the help of one of the hotel's waiters]. Drew was
enraged, sent for the host, and the waiter was instantly
dischared, only to enter Vanderbilt's service, according
to agreement, at much higher remuneration. The note of
the Commodore, however, had the desired effect. [The note
read: "Drew: I'm sick of the whole damned
business. Come and see me. signed Van Derbilt"
]. Though the friends of Drew attempted to frighten him
from going by arousing his suspicions of being kidnapped,
he came over to New York on the following Sunday and had
an interview with the Commodore. The matter was fixed up
between them, and while Gould and Fisk were fighting
Vanderbilt tooth and nail at Albany, and Gould was
arrested and arraigned for contempt of court and other
high crimes and misdemeanors in the eyes of the
Vanderbilt lawyers, Drew was left unmolested to pursue
the even tenor of his way.
About the
middle of April Drew emergedfrom his retreat in Jersey
City, and appeared openly in Wall Street, apparently
without any fear for arrest. Other members of the Erie
clique had gone through the fromality of purging thier
contempt of court, but had not made their peace with the
Commodore, and things went foward without any special
interruption or exictement unitl July, when a settlement
was made with Vanderbilt.
It was agred that the Commodore should be relieved of 50,000
shares of Erie stock at 70, for which he was to receive $
2,500,000in cash, and $ 1,250,000 in bonds of the Boston,
Hartford & Erie at 80. It was further stipulated that
he was to receive $ 1,000,000 for the privilige of
calling on him at any time within four months for the
remaining 50,000 shares of Erie at 70. He was allotted
two seats in the Erie Board of Directors. All suits
between the two high contending parties were to be
dismissed and all offenses whatsoever relating to the
case, in the language of the law, were to be condoned.
Drew was
left to enjoy his share of the fruits of the "corner"
which netted seven millions, except that he had to pay
into the Erie treasury the trifling item of $ 540,000 in
discharge of interest and all claims or causes of action
which might be presented against him by the Erie Company.
The Erie Railway fell to the lot of Gould and Fisk as
their share of the spoils growing out of the entente
cordiale.
Drew retired from Wall Street in the same way that Gould
has so often retired since that time, except that Daniel
Drew had probably an honest intention so far as it was
possible for him to have such a conception of leaving the
Street forever, but it would seem that he had not the
power to do so. Once in Wall Street, always in Wall
Street. After a few months of absence, he returned to the
Street, and he found the scene greatly changed. His two
pupils had shown themselves to be such apt scholars, that
in the interim they had exceeded the wildest dreams of
avarice that ever their able preceptor had conjured up or
inculcated. In four months Gould and Fisk had inflated
the captial stock of Erie from 34 millions to 57 millions.
No doubt, Uncle Daniel was astounded at their progress,
and his feelings can be better imagined than described
when, in the presence of this marvellous increase of
wealth, he reflected that he was no longer treasuerer of
Erie, and had neither lot nor part in its unprecedented
prosperity.
(from Henry
Clews' Twenty-eight years in Wall Street, Ch. XV
"Drew and Vanderbilt", Ch. XVI "Drew and
the Erie corners" and Matthew Josephon's The
Robber Barons)
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